Avelumab Added to Standard Regimen for CRC Achieves High Response Rate, But Misses PFS End Point

Meinolf Karthaus, MD

Meinolf Karthaus, MD

Cetuximab (Erbitux) plus oxaliplatin, leucovorin, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; mFOLFOX6) with the addition of avelumab (Bavencio) resulted in an overall response rate (ORR) of 81% in patients withRAS/BRAF-wildtype metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), according to results of the phase II AVETUX study that were presented during the 2020 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. But despite promising tumor responses, the trial missed its primary progression-free survival (PFS) end point.¹

The 12-month rate of PFS was 40%, which missed the target of 57%, according to the trial investigators who reported the data during a poster session at the meeting. Translational data showed a decline in circulating tumor (ct)DNA early in the course of treatment, “mirroring the high rate of early tumor response,” but the reason no correlation was observed between the ORR and sharp and early decline in ctDNA with the PFS rate is unknown at present, study co-author Meinolf Karthaus, MD, of Neuperlach Clinic in Neuperlach, Germany, said.

AVETUX enrolled 43 patients with previously untreated, metastatic CRC. Four patients were excluded from the analysis because liquid biopsy next-generation sequencing immunoprofiling and resistance monitoring revealed that 2 hadKRASmutations at baseline, 1 developed aKRASmutation, and 1 developed anEGFRectodomain mutation on treatment with low variant allele frequencies. Therefore, the intention-to-treat population included 39 patients with wild-typeRASandBRAF.

Median patient age at baseline was 62 years (range, 29-82), 26 (67%) were male, and 36 (92%) had left-sided primary tumors. Thirty patients (77%) had liver metastasis, 12 (31%) had lung metastasis, and 18 (46%) had lymph node metastasis. A total of 36 patients (92%) had microsatellite stable tumors, 2 (5%) had microsatellite instability (MSI)-high tumors, and 1 (3%) had an MSI-low tumor.

Patients were started on treatment with weekly mFOLFOX6 and cetuximab, with avelumab 10 mg/kg added on day 1 of cycle 2 for up to 18 months. All were continued until secondary resection, disease progression, or toxicity. The median number of treatment cycles was 8 for oxaliplatin, 13 for 5-FU, 12 for cetuximab, and 16 for avelumab. The median duration of cetuximab and avelumab treatment was 5.4 months (range, 0.7-18.4 months).

With a median follow-up of 16.2 months, the median PFS was 11.1 months. The secondary resection rate was 15%. The overall survival rate was 84.6%.

Two patients without RECIST lesions were excluded from the response analysis. The 81% (30/37) ORR consisted of 4 complete responses and 26 partial responses. Another 4 patients achieved stable disease, for a disease control rate of 92%.

The safety population included 38 patients, as 1 patient died before receiving avelumab. The regimen was safe with no unexpected toxicities. The most common grade 3/4 adverse events (AEs) were infection of catheter, device, urinary tract, etc. (32%); abdominal pain, diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal events (24%); skin reaction (21%); anemia, blood disorders, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (18%); administration, infusion-related, and allergic reactions (16%); cognitive disturbance, meningism, syncope, and psychiatric disorders (16%); and peripheral sensory polyneuropathy and paresthesia (16%). Overall, 52 serious AEs were observed in 23 of the 38 patients (61%).

Translational research evaluating ctDNA clearance from baseline to week 4, PD-L1 expression, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was performed.

“The translational data showed correlation of T cells in the tumor and avelumab reaction [fever and tumor lysis] but no correlation between efficacy and standard PD-1/L1 predictors such as T-cell diversification or TILs could be shown,” said Karthaus. “The fever with higher TILs did not translate in this small group to a longer survival.”

“We’ve had a lot of anecdotal phase II studies looking at FOLFOX plus cetuximab and one of the early ones had response rates as high as 80%—but 60% is probably where we would sit looking at the CALGB 80405 data²—which is probably the best aggregation of larger populations of FOLFOX plus cetuximab,” poster moderator Johanna C. Bendell, MD, chief development officer, Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, said during the session.

She added that with immunotherapy, 6-month PFS rates may be a better surrogate than median PFS as an indicator of efficacy, she said.

“One thing I think is interesting is the concept of using CD8+ T cells in the tumor as a marker of potential immune response. What we found is that it isn’t necessarily the case in colorectal cancer, in which the CD8+ T cell infiltration doesn’t translate into patients who seem to be doing well,” said Bendell. The best correlate of response therefore remains to be determined.

References:

1. Stein A, Binder M, Goekkurt E, et al. Avelumab and cetuximab in combination with FOLFOX in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC): Final results of the phase II AVETUX trial (AIO-KRK-0216).J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(suppl 4; abstr 96). meetinglibrary.asco.org/record/182512/abstract.
2. Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Lenz H-J, et al. Effect of first-line chemotherapy combined with cetuximab or bevacizumab on overall survival in patients with KRAS wild-type advanced metastatic colorectal cancer. A randomized clinical trial.JAMA. 2017;317(23):2392-2401. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.7105.

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