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Hoffman-Censits says atezolizumab has recently undergone a phase II clinical trial for patients with bladder cancer who failed platinum-based chemotherapy.

Seiwert says in general, immunotherapies produce a response rate of between 20- to 25%, 1 in 4 patients respond, and the treatment type is equally effective in both HPV-positive and HPV-negative disease.

Zevallos says the study consisted of 66 patients and found that there were distinct genomic differences between HPV-positive smokers and non-smokers.

The two platforms involved in the study were the FHX regimen and a cisplatin radiation approach with accelerated radiation. Siltuximab was also used in the study as induction chemotherapy alongside carboplatin and paclitaxel.

Whitworth says that while it is generally perceived that the ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer patient population is the luminal subtype, 1 of every 5 of those patients would actually considered basal subtype.

Bear discusses studies adding treatments to chemotherapy in order to increase the pathological complete response (pCR) rate and the difficulties of translating those benefits into better overall survival (OS) rates for patients with breast cancer.

Winer says patients who do well on carboplatin and show both a good pathologic complete response and good disease free survival may be patients who have refractory disease and are responding well to the treatment, while others may be patients who were bound to do well regardless.

Seidman says currently there is not a HER2 histochemical test for gene amplification or signatures to best select patients for either CDK46 or MTOR inhibitor, as well for PI3 kinase inhibition.

Sharpe, whose lab aided in the discover of the pathway, says blocking the pathway in order to treat cancers is important because it allows T cells to work better.

Yardena Samuels, PhD, on the ineffectiveness of targeting a single gene of proteins in patients with melanoma. Samuels says this strategy may work for the short term for treatment, but patients would tend to develop a resistance much quicker to treatment strategies using this method.

Holmen says that utilizing targeted therapies could potentially be the answer, though clinically-tested combinations have historically not done as well as clinicians had hoped.

Randolph says pre-operative loss of voice tracks "robustly" with invasive thyroid cancer, and being aware of this issue before surgery helps surgeons better treat their patients.

Churilla said the majority of patients on a national level had insurance, with only 15% of patients utilizing medicaid and 5% of patients being uninsured.

Nussenbaum says the current balance in the treatment paradigm of larynx cancer is between surreal and cure, all while maintaining a functional preservation for the patient.

Frakes says the number of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer diagnoses year to year is growing, though the number of survivors is proportionate.

Weber says overactivity of these EGFR receptors may cause SCC tumors to become more aggressive. He adds that in a recent, small-scale study, effectively blocking the EGFR receptor in the tumor with anti-EGFR therapy proved to be successful.

Haraf says historically, medical professionals have treated patients with radiation therapy "from their eyebrows to their collarbones." This approach, while effective, has resulted in an abundance of toxicities.

Jonathan Schoenfeld, MD, MPH, discusses the immunologic effects of chemotherapy plus radiation, as well as radiation alone.

Triple Negative Breast Cancer with Andrew Seidman, MD and Joyce O'Shaughnessy, MD

Twelves says a common misconception in breast cancer is that with the current flood of new treatments in HER2-positive breast cancer, the issue of breast cancer overall has been largely addressed.

Hamilton says there are currently not very many "good" drugs for treating these metastases. She adds that the mainstay for treating these metastases is usually some form of radiation therapy, such as whole brain radiation.

Van Loon says that oncologists need further research into how often and for how long patients with gastrointestinal cancers should be monitored.