An expert discusses how recent data on adjuvant anti–PD-1 trials highlight the significance of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), guiding clinical decisions. In muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIBC), event-free survival (EFS) and OS benefits without delaying curative cystectomy are crucial. Adjuvant nivolumab is typically initiated within 12 weeks post cystectomy, considering pathology, recovery, and performance status.
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